English often presents challenges with words that appear similar but serve different purposes. “Backward” and “backwards” are two such terms that many people use interchangeably. However, they have distinct grammatical roles and preferred usage based on regional differences.

Understanding the Difference Between Backward and Backwards

Both “backward” and “backwards” indicate a reverse direction, but their usage differs based on grammar and location. “Backward” is generally an adjective, while “backwards” is commonly used as an adverb.

Backward as an Adjective

In American English, “backward” is widely accepted as an adjective. It describes something positioned in a reverse direction or something outdated in thinking.

• Example: “The company’s backward policies prevented innovation.”
• Example: “He took a backward step in his career.”
• Example: “The chair had a slight backward tilt.”

Backwards as an Adverb

“Backwards” primarily functions as an adverb, describing the direction or manner of movement. In British English, “backwards” is the preferred form, while American English often drops the “s.”

• Example: “She walked backwards to get a better view.”
• Example: “He fell backwards into the pool.”
• Example: “The tape played backwards, distorting the sound.”

American vs. British English Preferences

Regional preferences play a significant role in word choice. While both forms exist in American and British English, their usage varies.

American English Usage

In the U.S., “backward” is commonly used as both an adjective and an adverb. “Backwards” is still understood but less frequently used.

• Example: “He leaned backward to stretch.”
• Example: “Her backward thinking hindered progress.”
• Example: “They glanced backward at the approaching car.”

British English Usage

In the UK, “backwards” is more common as an adverb, while “backward” remains the standard adjective form.

• Example: “He walked backwards away from the scene.”
• Example: “She glanced backwards before crossing the street.”
• Example: “His backward logic confused the audience.”

Historical Origins of Backward and Backwards

The origin of “backward” and “backwards” can be traced back to Old English. The root word “bacweard” combined “back” (meaning reverse direction) with “-weard” (meaning toward).

Evolution of Usage

Originally, both forms coexisted, with “backward” being the primary spelling in American English. Over time, British English retained “backwards” as the dominant adverbial form.

• Old English: “Bacweard” used for movement and position.
• Middle English: The addition of “s” to some adverbs became common.
• Modern English: American English standardized “backward” as the dominant form.

Common Mistakes and Misconceptions

Many English learners and even native speakers confuse the usage of “backward” and “backwards.” Understanding their proper use can help improve writing and speech.

Mistake 1: Using “Backwards” as an Adjective

Some people mistakenly use “backwards” as an adjective when “backward” is correct.

• Incorrect: “His backwards attitude is outdated.”
• Correct: “His backward attitude is outdated.”

Mistake 2: Mixing Up American and British Usage

While “backwards” is accepted in British English, American audiences may find it less natural.

• Incorrect (American English): “She stepped backwards onto the stage.”
• Correct (American English): “She stepped backward onto the stage.”

Mistake 3: Overusing “Backwards” in Formal Writing

In formal American English writing, “backwards” can sound informal, so “backward” is preferred.

• Example: “The project faced a backward shift, delaying progress.”
• Example: “His backward stance on the issue was controversial.”
• Example: “The company moved backward instead of innovating.”

Practical Examples in Everyday Language

To reinforce the distinction, here are some real-life examples of how “backward” and “backwards” are used in sentences.

Backward in a Sentence

• Example: “The scientist rejected the backward theory.”
• Example: “She noticed his backward glance.”
• Example: “The chair had a backward incline.”

Backwards in a Sentence

• Example: “He stumbled backwards down the stairs.”
• Example: “The wind pushed her backwards.”
• Example: “The recording played backwards by mistake.”

Quick Reference Table: Backward vs. Backwards

Feature	Backward	Backwards
Part of Speech	Adjective, Adverb	Adverb
Common in	American English	British English
Adjective Usage	“A backward approach”	Not used as an adjective
Adverb Usage	“Step backward” (U.S.)	“Step backwards” (UK)

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. Can “backward” and “backwards” be used interchangeably?

No, “backward” is mostly an adjective, while “backwards” is primarily an adverb.

2. Which form should I use in American English?

“Backward” is preferred for both adjective and adverbial use, though “backwards” is still understood.

3. Why do British speakers use “backwards” more often?

British English retained “backwards” due to historical language patterns that favor the “-s” suffix in adverbs.

4. Is it incorrect to use “backwards” in the U.S.?

Not necessarily, but “backward” is more commonly used in formal writing and speech.

5. How can I remember when to use “backward” vs. “backwards”?

Use “backward” for descriptions and “backwards” for movement, especially if writing for a British audience.

Conclusion

Understanding the difference between “backward” and “backwards” helps ensure accurate communication. In American English, “backward” is preferred for both adjective and adverb use, while in British English,

“backwards” dominates as an adverb. By following regional preferences and grammar rules, you can confidently use these words in the correct context.